The Impact of E-Learning Practices and Assessment Competency on Academic Performance: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Authors

  • Ferdinand Salaomo Leuwol Universitas Pattimura, Indonesia
  • Mohammad Amin Lasaiba Universitas Pattimura, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v18i2.7560

Keywords:

e-learning practices, assessment competency, academic performance, structural equation modeling, higher education

Abstract

E-learning has become an essential component of higher education, yet its contribution to academic performance depends not only on digital learning practices but also on students’ assessment competency. This study examined the effects of e-learning practices, assessment knowledge, assessment skills, and attitudes toward assessment on undergraduate students’ academic performance. A quantitative correlational survey design was employed involving 440 undergraduate students from four teacher education programs at Pattimura University, Indonesia. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire measuring e-learning practices and three dimensions of assessment competency: knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Students’ academic performance was measured using Grade Point Average (GPA). The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling to evaluate the measurement model and test the hypothesized relationships among variables. The findings showed that e-learning practices had a positive and significant effect on academic performance. Assessment knowledge, assessment skills, and attitudes toward assessment also significantly predicted students’ GPA. The measurement model demonstrated acceptable reliability and convergent validity, indicating that the indicators adequately represented the proposed constructs. The structural model confirmed that both digital learning practices and assessment competency contributed to students’ academic achievement. These findings suggest that effective e-learning implementation should be supported by students’ ability to understand assessment criteria, use feedback, and develop positive attitudes toward assessment. Universities should strengthen digital learning systems while integrating assessment literacy into teaching and learning practices. The study provides empirical evidence for improving technology-supported learning in higher education, particularly in developing contexts where e-learning quality and assessment capacity remain uneven.

References

Abdullah, M., Al-Ayyoub, M., Shatnawi, F., Rawashdeh, S., & Abbott, R. (2023). Predicting students’ academic performance using e-learning logs. IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI), 12(2), 831–840. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v12.i2.pp831-839

Abich, Y., & Eriku, G. A. (2023). Challenges and Opportunities for the Adoption of e-Learning at the University of Gondar: A Qualitative Study. Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College. https://doi.org/10.14507/mcf-eli.i6

Adhzani, F. N., & Tirtoni, F. (2023). The Impact of Online Games on Learning Motivation of Elementary School Students. Indonesian Journal of Education Methods Development, 21(3), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.21070/ijemd.v21i3.768

Al-Husseini, K. A. O., Obaid, A. H., & Kadhim, O. N. (2022). Evaluating the Effectiveness of E-learning: Based on Academic Staff Evaluation. Webology, 19(1), 367–379. https://doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19027

Aljaser, A. M. (2019). The Effectiveness of E-Learning Environment in Developing Academic Achievement and the Attitude to Learn English among Primary Students. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 20(2), 176–194. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.557862

Amien, M. S., & Hidayatullah, A. (2023). Assessing students’ metacognitive strategies in e-learning and their role in academic performance. Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Pendidikan, 10(2), 158–166. https://doi.org/10.21831/jitp.v10i2.60949

Annisa, R., Nadila, S. M., Salsabila, S. A., Putri, S. A. E., & Nurmajesti, H. (2020). E-learning as an Adaptation Strategy in Facing Covid-19 Pandemic: A Case study on the 2018 and 2019-generation Post Graduate Sociology Department, University of Indonesia students. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Social and Political Sciences (ICOSAPS 2020). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201219.007

Che Hussin, C. H., Juhan, N., Lasaraiya, S., & Nasrullah, A. A. (2022). Investigate Students’ Academic Achievements in Mathematics Course Through E-Learning Approaches. Journal of Information System and Technology Management, 7(29), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.35631/jistm.729010

Chikileva, L. S., Chistyakov, A. A., Busygina, M. V, Prokopyev, A. I., Grib, E. V, & Tsvetkov, D. N. (2023). A review of empirical studies examining the effects of e-learning on university students’ academic achievement. Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(4), 449–459. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/13418

Daud, M., Kuo, B.-C., Abdurahman, T., MR, M., Yusrizal, Y., & Sariakin, S. (2022). Investigating Online Learning Implementation in Indonesia; Challenges and Possible Solution. Proceedings of International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research, 5(2), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.32672/pic-mr.v5i2.5402

Derevtsova, I., Kartapoltseva, M., Snitsareva, P., & Sych, S. (2021). E-Learning System Development: Challenges and Threats in the Digital Economy. Baikal Research Journal, 12(3), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.17150/2411-6262.2021.12(3).10

Ghanem, S. (2020). E-learning in Higher Education to Achieve SDG 4: Benefits and Challenges. 2020 Second International Sustainability and Resilience Conference: Technology and Innovation in Building Designs(51154). https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf51154.2020.9319981

Gumantan, A., Nugroho, R. A., & Yuliandra, R. (2021). Learning During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Analysis of E-Learning on Sports Education Students. Journal Sport Area, 6(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.25299/sportarea.2021.vol6(1).5397

Ilham, M., & Ratnamiasih, I. (2021). E-Commerce and Competence, Impact on Business Performance: Empirical Study on Implementation E-Commerce By Students at Pasundan University. Journal of Accounting, Finance, Taxation, and Auditing (JAFTA), 3(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.28932/jafta.v3i1.3339

Kahraman, M., & Kahraman, S. (2023). Prevalence of Chronic Diseases Among Elementary School Students in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Istanbul Medical Journal, 24(2), 191–195. https://doi.org/10.4274/imj.galenos.2023.74340

Krishan, E. A. A., Almsaiden, A. H. I., Al Njadat, E. N., & Abohelalah, A. A. (2023). The Impact of E-Learning on the Learning Motivation of Jordanian University Students. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 13(5), 313–329. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2023-0139

Kristiyani, C. (2019). Current School Curriculum Issues: A Case Of Student-Teacher Preparation in Higher Education. IJIET (International Journal of Indonesian Education and Teaching), 3(2), 215–226. https://doi.org/10.24071/ijiet.v3i2.1866

Maharani, I. A., Purnama, I. G. A. V., & Cahyani, N. K. S. (2022). The Impact of E-learning on Students’ Academic Performance in Indonesian Language Subject. Retorika: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa, 8(2), 192–201. https://doi.org/10.55637/jr.8.2.5569.192-201

Malkawi, M. (2022). Empirical Results on Interactive E-learning Using Knowledge Acquisition Based Learning. Information Sciences Letters, 11(6), 2093–2099. https://doi.org/10.18576/isl/110619

Marfu’ah, L., & Istikomah, I. (2021). The Effectiveness of Online Learning in Elementary School Children. Academia Open, 4(2), 143–158. https://doi.org/10.21070/acopen.4.2021.2744

Martha, A. S. D., Junus, K., Santoso, H. B., & Suhartanto, H. (2021). Assessing Undergraduate Students’ e-Learning Competencies: A Case Study of Higher Education Context in Indonesia. Education Sciences, 11(4), 189–197. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11040189

Mwila, K., Mudenda, S., Kampamba, M., Mufwambi, W., Lufungulo, E. S., Phiri, M., & Hikaambo, C. N. (2021). Factors Affecting Access to E-Learning during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Among Rural-Based Pharmacy Students in Zambia: A Qualitative Study. Epidemiology – Open Journal, 6(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.17140/epoj-6-124

Njambi, K. V., & Mayoka, G. W. (2021). Inequality in accessing learning during pandemic crises in developing countries: Reflections from COVID-19-induced online learning at a Kenyan pharmacy school. Pharmacy Education, 21(2), 713–722. https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2021.211.713722

Nurazizah, S. F., Wardana, R. W., Karyadi, B., Johan, H., Parlindungan, D., Mulyani, F., & Lasriani, L. (2023). Utilization of Palm Waste Charcoal Briquettes (ABLS) as Thematic-based Integrated Science Learning Materials for Middle School Students. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains, 11(2), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.17977/jps.v11i22023p035

Olusegun, A. A., Uranta, E., Ukhurebor, K. E., Jokthan, G., & Nalwadda, D. (2023). Appraisal of E-Learning and students’ academic performance: A perspective from secondary schools. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 18(1), 351–367. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v18i1.7996

Owen, S., White, G., Taludangga Palekahelu, D., T Sumakul, D., & Sediyono, E. (2020). Integrating Online Learning in Schools: Issues and Ways Forward for Developing Countries. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 19, 571–614. https://doi.org/10.28945/4625

Ozila, A. L., & Zen, Z. (2023). Web-Based E-LKPD for the Indonesian History Subject for Grade XI Senior High School. Indonesian Journal Of Educational Research and Review, 6(1), 18–31. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijerr.v6i1.59342

Purnama, H. I., Wilujeng, I., & Abdul Jabar, C. S. (2023). Web-based E-learning in Elementary School: A Systematic Literature Review. JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization, 7(3), 749–762. https://doi.org/10.30630/joiv.7.3.1203

Puspitasari, L. P., Sumaryati, S., & Sudiyanto, S. (2023). The effectiveness of Moodle-based e-learning in enhancing digital literacy among village-owned enterprises. SCHOULID: Indonesian Journal of School Counseling, 8(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.23916/083346011

Sagala, J. B., Haguisan III, I. A., & Suarez, R. D. P. (2022). Assessment of e-learning Experience of Senior High School Students in a Private School. Philippine Social Science Journal, 5(4), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v5i4.562

Sihombing, E. J. A., & Yugopuspito, P. (2023). Pengaruh Self-Efficacy, Technology Acceptance, dan Motivasi Belajar Terhadap Prestasi Akademis Siswa dalam Online Learning di SMPK Kalam Kudus Dumai. Journal on Education, 5(4), 12881–12896. https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v5i4.2276

Sobaih, A. E. E., Hasanein, A., & Elshaer, I. A. (2022). Higher Education in and after COVID-19: The Impact of Using Social Network Applications for E-Learning on Students’ Academic Performance. Sustainability, 14(9), 5195–5204. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095195

Solehuddin, M., Sopandi, E., Saputra, D. G., Dhaniswara, E., Yulianto, S., Wei, Z., & Xu, S. (2023). Development of Adaptive E-Learning Content to Increase Learning Effectiveness. Journal International Inspire Education Technology, 2(2), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.55849/jiiet.v2i2.457

Solichin, A., & Wijaya, R. (2021). Acceptance of e-learning system at private university in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic: students' perspectives. Jurnal Infotel, 13(3), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v13i3.662

Sudewi, P. (2020). Students Perception of E-Learning: A Case Study on the English Students at Sulawesi Barat University. E-Journal of Linguistics, 15(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2021.v15.i01.p09

Tarigan, K. E., Elahi, E., & Stevani, M. (2022). Education Responses in Teaching during Covid-19: The Ongoing Result in Online Learning Implementations. Journal of Learning and Development Studies, 2(1), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.32996/jlds.2022.2.1.2

Van der Merwe, T. M. D., Serote, M., & Maloma, M. (2023). A Systematic Review of the Challenges of e-Learning Implementation in Sub-Saharan African Countries: 2016-2022. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 21(5), 413–429. https://doi.org/10.34190/ejel.21.5.3075

Villesseche, J., Le Bohec, O., Quaireau, C., Nogues, J., Besnard, A.-L., Oriez, S., De La Haye, F., Noel, Y., & Lavandier, K. (2019). Enhancing reading skills through adaptive e-learning. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 16(1), 2–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/itse-07-2018-0047

Widjaja, S. U. M., Wibowo, A., Narmaditya, B. S., Wardoyo, C., & Saptono, A. (2022). Identifying factors affecting entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention among Indonesian university students. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 10(3), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.15678/eber.2022.100306

Wong, P. K., & Lim, K. T. (2023). Impact of E-Learning on The Academic Performance of University Students. International Journal of Modern Education, 5(18), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.35631/ijmoe.518005

Yahiaoui, F., Aichouche, R., Chergui, K., Brika, S. K. M., Almezher, M., Musa, A. A., & Lamari, I. A. (2022). The Impact of e-Learning Systems on Motivating Students and Enhancing Their Outcomes During COVID-19: A Mixed-Method Approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(3), 874181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.874181

Zarei, S., & Mohammadi, S. (2022). Challenges of higher education related to e-learning in developing countries during COVID-19 spread: a review of the perspectives of students, instructors, policymakers, and ICT experts. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 29(57), 85562–85568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14647-2

Zuber, M. M., & Sulaiman, H. (2019). Exploring the effectiveness of e-learning in increasing students’ achievements in mathematics at the primary school level. In AIP Conference Proceedings. AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5136372

Downloads

Published

2026-05-06

How to Cite

Leuwol, F. S., & Lasaiba, M. A. (2026). The Impact of E-Learning Practices and Assessment Competency on Academic Performance: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 18(2), 1634–1648. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v18i2.7560

Issue

Vol. 18 No. 2 (2026): JUNE 2026

Section

Articles

Citation Check

License

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.